exceptions occur whenever syntactically correct Python code results in an error

built-in types

class event
Exception Base class for all exceptions
ArithmeticError Raised when numeric calculations fails
FloatingPointError Raised when a floating point calculation fails
ZeroDivisionError Raised when division or modulo by zero takes place for all numeric types
AssertionError Raised when Assert statement fails
OverflowError Raised when result of an arithmetic operation is too large to be represented
ImportError Raised when the imported module is not found
IndexError Raised when index of a sequence is out of range
KeyboardInterrupt Raised when the user interrupts program execution, generally by pressing Ctrl+c
IndentationError Raised when there is incorrect indentation
SyntaxError Raised by parser when syntax error is encountered
KeyError Raised when the specified key is not found in the dictionary
NameError Raised when an identifier is not found in the local or global namespace
TypeError Raised when a function or operation is applied to an object of incorrect type
ValueError Raised when a function gets argument of correct type but improper value
IOError Raised when an input/ output operation fails
RuntimeError Raised when a generated error does not fall into any category

raise

if condition:
    raise Exception('whoops...')
if condition:
    raise ValueError('whoops...')

assert

Raises an AssertionError if the condition is false.

assert (condition), 'whoops...'

try

try:
    blah
except Exception as error:
    print(error)
    print('whoops...')

catch multiple exception types by writing a tuple of exception types instead (the parentheses are required):

def attempt_float(x):
    try:
        return float(x)
    except (TypeError, ValueError):
        return x

finally:

f = open(path, 'w')

try:
    write_to_file(f)
except:
    print('Failed')
else:
    print('Succeeded')
finally:
    f.close()